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[av_heading tag=’h2′ padding=’10’ heading=’استفاده از Reference Devices برای ایجاد انسجام در رایتینگ آیلتس’ color=” style=’blockquote modern-quote modern-centered’ custom_font=” size=” subheading_active=” subheading_size=’15’ custom_class=”][/av_heading]
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یکی از معیارهای سنجش نوشتار و گفتار در آیلتس، انسجام متن و کلام است. انسجام خوب نشان دهنده‌ی ارتباط بین جمله‌ها و فهم راحت‌تر آن توسط خواننده و یا شنونده است. یکی از راه‌های ایجادانسجام در رایتینگ آیلتس، استفاده از کلماتی است که به آن ها Reference Devices گفته می‌شود.
در این نوشته به موارد پرکاربرد آن‌ها همراه با مثال اشاره می‌کنیم.
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It/its به چیزی که قبلا ذکر شده برمی‌گردد.
.My country gives grants for its students to study abroad
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It همچنین می‌تواند به یک ایده اشاره کند.
There has been a 20% fall in the number of tourists. It has led to a fall in income for hotels.
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They/them/their به گروهی از مردم یا اشیا اشاره می‌کند.
There are now 20% more cars than ten years ago, but they only consume 10% more fuel.
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This به آخرین نکته ذکر شده بر می‌گردد.
Large cities need more water. This has meant that there is less water available for agriculture.
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This/these/that می‌توانند به عنوان صفت در جمله بیایند.
Children from rural areas find it more difficult to go to university. Governments have tried various measures to deal with this problem.
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One به اسم مفرد قابل شمارش در یک گروه اشاره می‌کند.
There are several reasons why people are happier than in the past. One is that they have more free time.
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He/him/his به فرد مذکری که قبلا به آن اشاره شده برمی‌گردد.
Sergei sent his passport to the consulate because he wanted to apply for a visa.
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She/her به فرد مونثی که قبلا به آن اشاره شده برمی‌گردد.
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That برای اشاره به چیزی که قبلا ذکر شده برمی‌گردد و در بعضی موارد برای ذکر دلیل استفاده می‌شود.
The number of tourists fell, that is why hotels’ income also fell.
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Another به دومین و یا سومین اسم قابل شمارش مفرد از یک جمع اشاره می‌کند.
There are several reasons why people are happier than in the past. Another is that they have more money.
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Ones به یک اسم جمع اشاره می‌کند.
Children from rural areas find it more difficult to go to university than children from urban ones.
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Other به عنوان یک صفت قبل از اسم‌های غیر قابل شمارش و اسم‌های قابل شمارش جمع می‌آید.
Some furniture is exported to Europe. Other furniture is produced for the home market.
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